The Prentice-Hall Dictionary of Computing as a couple of errors in it's definition of what a standard is. It should read- STANDARDS. Clearly defined and agreed-upon conventions for programming interfaces. Standards may be- - proprietary (Designed to benefit a single vendor, usually the dominant player in the field, for the sole benefit of that vendor) - industry (Designed to benefit multiple vendors in a given field, usually aimed at reducing the dominance of the lead player in the field) - public (Designed to benefit the public.) - formal (developed by a standards organization such as ANSI or ISO with the primary goal of benefiting the standards organization) Now that we have a definition of the four types of standards, could we put this thread to rest? For the humor and sarcasm impaired, add a :-) and a :-( to this post. -- ======================================================================= Life is short. | Craig Spannring Bike hard, ski fast. | [log in to unmask] --------------------------------+------------------------------------ When all you've got is Perl, everything feels like a smashed thumb =======================================================================