I was glancing through the latest OOPSLA proceedings, and there is an interesting article on adding generics/templates to the Java Language with a real implementation -- by Sun and Stanford researchers. "Adding Type Parameterization to the Java Language" And they actually do site Ada all over the place, together with C++ and ML. Too bad the references it to [US 80] US Dept of Defense. Ref manual for the Ada programming language -- they just won't let that DoD reference be lost.. Versus say "ANSI/ISO/IEC...1995". So JAVA (Just Another Version of Ada) is getting one step closer:-) One statement on C++ was interesting: "C++ templates are compiled without statically checking the use of member functions, in part because of the complexity of determining in advance how a reference to a function might be eventually resolved. Instead, type checks are made later, at link time, when the actual type parameter is determined and a semantic instance is created". The paper doesn't mention how much more powerful (and complex) the Ada compilers are to be able to statically check this. Scott Moody Team Ada